Vodka will not help the pond. Because vodka works by assisting the production of large numbers of bacteria, which consume the nutrients, and are removed from the tank by the skimmer, along with whatever nutrients they have absorbed.
With no skimmer on the pond, the bacteria & nutrients will stay in the system.
I'm no expert on ponds, but I'd say phosphate removing resin is going to be hugely expensive with the type of nutrient levels we are talking about in a typical garden pond.
However, a year or so ago I saw one at a house, that struck me by the clarity of the water, and this made the pond really beautiful, fish easy to see, and nice plants. I asked the lady and once she saw I had a genuine interest she launched into explaining it all to me. They had planned the pond carefully & spent money to ensure it would be done right. The pond had a UV unit installed, and this killed all green algae and kept the water clear. There was also a plastic bin type thing with a biomedia in it (bacterial). As a result of this there was excellent plant growth and the plants were harvested periodically when getting crowded, and thrown on the compost heap. Although she did not say so, no doubt this would have assisted with nutrient removal.
Interestingly, she told me that at one time the UV unit stopped working, and it was several months before they replaced it. During this time the pond went green and looked terrible. When they replaced the UV the pond came right.
Not 100% certain but I think Jansens sell UV units for ponds.