It looks from the diagram that this filter runs the opposite way to the cf filters and that the water comes in and down through the filters and then out up the side. On the cf it goes in down the side and then out and up through the filter materials. Therefore in my reckoning the diagram is wrong. It should go
1. top basket - bioballs then sponge (sponge at the bottom of the container, not the top like the diagram,
2. middle basket - ceramic noodles then sponge (sponge again at the bottom of the basket,
3. sponges and then filter wool (wool at the bottom)
This is the complete opposite order to the cfs.
The white stuff is certainly powder leaching from the ceramic noodles, you may have to syphon it off the bottom of the tank and wipe the glass down to get rid of it.