Hello and welcome
I can help with some of the questions you have. You can buy spare parts for the filter and light at some shops http://www.hollywoodfishfarm.co.nz/prod ... ts/m/1191/ gives you an idea, and once you see what the filter actually needs to run you can improvise with cheaper alternatives (I have a blue planet and never buy the refill kits).
http://freshaquarium.about.com/od/heati ... eguide.htm gives you a guide for heating, I would say 50 watt should be fine, but I would buy a new heater just to be safe (for the sake of $30 is it worth risking!?)
Yes, you have attached the heater right with that suction holder,and yes the long thing is the intake for the filter.
In terms of cycling, I usually buy the bacteria from the shop and do it that way, could never find pure clear ammonia.
Hope this is even slightly helpful for you :thup: